HISTORY OF LANGKAT 1

The Sultanate of Langkat is one of the older states on the north-eastern seaboard of Sumatra. Although dating back to the pre-Islamic age, recorded history is available only from the seventeenth century.

The Royal house served as representatives or local rulers on behalf of the Sultan of Aceh until the early years of the nineteenth century. The arrival of the Europeans during the teens and twenties, and the weakening of Acehnese power in their wake, prompting the Rajas of Langkat to seek to establish their own independence. They threw in their lot with, and accepted the protection of the Sultans of Siak, then the dominant power on the east coast of Sumatra. However, the Acehnese returned during the 1850's and attempted to regain control. The granting of grandiose titles to the local rulers and an administrative presence stemmed the tide for a period. Eventually, Acehnese power was no match for the Europeans. Langkat concluded a separate contract with the Dutch in 1869. They went one better than the Acehnese and recognised the Raja as Sultan in 1887.

The potential for developing the plantation economy was a great temptation to the Dutch and the prospect of income from leases, too great for the Raja. Musa al-Khalidy, assumed the title of Sultan and a reign name to signifying his complete equality with his former overlord. In common with Deli, Asahan and Siak, the sultanate prospered beyond expectation. Rubber demand boomed during the Great War and the ever-growing demand for oil followed during the 1920's and 30's. By the early 1930's the Sultan of Langkat was the wealthiest ruler in Sumatra, thanks to oil royalties from the Pengkalan Brandan fields. All this only served to enhance the envy of the Japanese.

The Second World War soon displaced prosperity as Japanese oppression displaced Dutch colonialism. The end of war, however, did not bring an easy peace. The Communist inspired "social revolution" of 1946 brought hideous bloodshed and loss of life. Amongst the casualties, Tengku Amir Hamzah, scion of the Langkat Royal House and the foremost Malay poet and writer of his generation. The evils of the times did not end quickly as the Dutch attempted to regain control while the Javanese republicans attempted to oust them. Large numbers of the aristocracy perished in these conflicts, chaos reigned supreme and the sultanates all but ceased to function. The reigning Sultan, Mahmud 'Abdu'l Jalil, died in 1948, one year before the conclusion of hostilities and the recognition of independence by the Dutch. His son was not proclaimed or installed as Sultan.

In common with the Royal House of Deli, the Langkat family was independently wealthy due to the land lease system and the successful oil economy. It opened them to greater intercourse with the wider world, to travel broadly and to value European education. It also enabled them conclude marriage alliances across the Straits of Malacca.

Although the central government in Java was very slow in officially recognising or promoting the restoration of the Sumatran princes, a recent change of policy has been implemented without much publicity. The Langkat dynasty has been one of the few to benefit. They accepted a Head of the Royal House, in the person of Tengku Dr Herman Shah Kamil in 1999. Since his death in 2001, his nephew has been officially installed as Sultan Iskandar Hilali 'Abdu'l Jalil Rahmad Shah.

STYLES & TITLES:
The ruling prince: Sri Paduka Tuanku Sultan (reign name) ibnu al-Marhum (father's title and reign name), Sultan of Langkat, with the style of His Highness.
The principal Royal consort of the ruling prince: Tengku Permaisuri, with the style of Her Highness.
The Heir Apparent: Raja Muda.
The sons, grandsons and other male descendants in the male line, up to the fifth generation: Tengku (personal name).
The daughters, granddaughters and other female descendants in the male line, up to the fifth generation: Tengku (personal name).

RULES OF SUCCESSION:
Male primogeniture, the sons of Royal wives taking precedence over those of commoners.

ORDERS & DECORATIONS:
None known.

GLOSSARY:
See under Malaysia main page.

SOURCES:
John Anderson, Mission to the East Coast of Sumatra in 1823. Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1971.
M. Hamerster, "Bijdrage tot de kennis van de afdeeling Asahan", Uitgave van het Oostkust van Sumatra-Instituut, Mededeeling No. 13, Amsterdam, 1926.
Dada Meuraxa, Sejarah Kebudayaan Suku-Suku di Sumatera Utara. Sasterawan, Medan, 1973.
Oostkust van Sumatra-Instituut : kroniek, 1925 to 1940, 1941-1946, & 1948 en 1949. Oostkust van Sumatra Instituut, Amsterdam, 1926-1950.

SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
H.H. Sri Paduka Tuanku Sultan Iskandar Hilali 'Abdu'l Jalil Rahmad Shah al-Haj, the Sultan of Langkat.
Ir. Haji Abdul Hamid Arsyad, Datuk Amar di-Raja, Langkat
The late Jeffrey Finestone, Thailand.
Theo Dirk Brouwer, Canada.
Stephen Bunford, UK.
Tengku Zohoriah Haneth, Langkat.
Tengku Dr. Haji Nathan Mahmud, Jakarta.
Vena Siregar.
D. Tick, Pusat Dokumentasi Kerajaan-Kerajaan di Indonesia "Pusaka". pusaka.tick@tiscali.nl

ca. 1670 - 1670 Panglima Deva Shahdan, ruler of Langkat. A military commander from Deli, who conquered and established his ruler over Langkat, ca. 1670. He had issue:

• 1) Raja Kahar ibni al-Marhum Panglima Deva Shahdan, Raja of Langkat - see below.
• 1) Puteri Hijau binti al-Marhum Panglima Deva Shahdan. Taken as a prisoner to Aceh.

ca. 1670 - 17xx Raja Kahar ibni al-Marhum Panglima Deva Shahdan, Raja of Langkat. He had issue:

• 1) Sutan Bendahara Raja Badi uz-Zaman ibni al-Marhum Raja Kahar, Raja of Langkat - see below.

17xx - 17xx Sutan Bendahara Raja Badi uz-Zaman ibni al-Marhum Raja Kahar, Raja of Langkat. He had issue four sons:

• 1) Raja Hitam ibni al-Marhum Sutan Bendahara Raja Badi uz-Zaman [Kejeruan Tua], Raja of Langkat - see below.
• 2) Raja Wan Jabar. Wakil of Selesai. He had issue:
• a) Sutan Muhammad Shaikh. Wakil of Satabat.
• 3) Raja Shahdan. Wakil of Pungai.
• 4) Raja Indra Bongsu. Wakil of Kota Dalam. m. several wives, including a daughter of the Orang-Kaya Asim, of Pangalan Bulu. He had issue, five sons and several daughters, including:
  • a) Tengku Wan Johor (half-brother of Sultan Ahmad). m. (first) (div.) Raja Wan Perak, daughter of H.H. Sultan 'Amal ud-din I Panglima Mangedar 'Alam Shah ibni al-Marhum Tengku Panglima Gandar Wahid, Sultan of Deli.
  • b) Raja Ahmad ibni al-Marhum Raja Indra Bongsu, Raja of Langkat (s/o the Pangalan Bulu lady) - see below.
  • c) Tengku Wan Supan (half-brother of Sultan Ahmad).
  • d) Tengku Wan Shah (half-brother of Sultan Ahmad).
  • e) Tengku Wan Desan (half-brother of Sultan Ahmad).
  • a) Raja Wan Chandradevi. m. (div.) Raja Nobat Shah ibni al-Marhum Raja Hitam, Raja Kejuruan Jipura Bilan Jentera Malai , son of Raja Hitam ibni al-Marhum Sutan Bendahara Raja Badi uz-Zaman [Kejeruan Tua], Raja of Langkat - see below.
• 5) Tengku Marim.
• 6) Tengku Pandei, of Kejuruan Tindal.

17xx - 1818 Raja Hitam ibni al-Marhum Sutan Bendahara Raja Badi uz-Zaman [Kejeruan Tua], Raja of Langkat. Deposed after the conquest of Langkat by the Sultan of Siak, 1818. Fled to Deli, where he raised a force to regain his throne. He was k. in an explosion when trying to regain his domains, 1822, having had issue, three sons and one daughter:

• 1) Raja Nobat Shah ibni al-Marhum Raja Hitam, Raja Bendahara. Contested the succession with his cousin Sultan Ahmad. Installed as Raja Bendahara Kejuruan Jipura Bilan Jentera Malai under the protection of the Sultan of Siak Sri Indrapura, but failed to establish a viable state. m. (first) (div.) Raja Wan Chandradevi, daughter of his uncle, Raja Indra Bongsu, Wakil of Kota Dalam. m. (second) Tengku Fatima, of Siak. He had issue:
  • a) Tengku Maharaja (s/o Tengku Fatima).
• 2) Raja Badr ud-din Shah ibni al-Marhum Raja Hitam.
• 3) Raja Deo Sedan ibni al-Marhum Raja Hitam.
• 1) A daughter. m. before 1823, H.H. Sultan 'Amal ud-din I Panglima Mangedar 'Alam Shah ibni al-Marhum Tengku Panglima Gandar Wahid, Sultan of Deli (d. 18^th March 1824), second son of Tengku Panglima Gandar Wahid [Kanduhid], Amir of Deli - see Indonesia (Deli).

1818 - 1840 Raja Ahmad ibni al-Marhum Raja Indra Bongsu, Raja of Langkat. b. ca. 1807, second son of Raja Indra Bongsu, Wakil of Kota Dalam, by a daughter of the Orang-Kaya Asim, of Pangalan Bulu, educ. privately. Succeeded on the deposition of his uncle, 1818. Installed as Raja Kejuruan Muda Wallah Jipura Bilad Langkat under the protection of the Sultan of Siak Sri Indrapura. Reigned under the regency of his maternal uncle, the Orang-Kaya Shahbandar Sampei, until he came of age and assumed full ruling powers. m. Tengku Kanah, of Siak. He d. 1840, having had issue, two sons and three daughters:

• 1) Tengku Sulung Agus ibni al-Marhum Raja Ahmad Shah.
• 2) Tengku Ngah Musa, Pangeran Mangku Negara Raja Muda, who became H.H. Sri Paduka Tuanku Sultan Haji Musa al-Khalid al-Mahadiah Mu'azzam Shah ibni al-Marhum Raja Ahmad Shah, Sultan of Langkat (s/o Tengku Kanah) - see below.
• 1) Tengku Umi Salamah binti al-Marhum Raja Ahmad Shah.
• 2) Tengku Ratna Wilis binti al-Marhum Raja Ahmad Shah.
• 3) Tengku Lela Utama binti al-Marhum Raja Ahmad Shah.